Kongera imbaraga za moteri yaka imbere, ibice bidasanzwe - turbocharger - bikoreshwa cyane.Soma ibyerekeranye na turbocharger icyo aricyo, ubwoko bwibi bice, uburyo butunganijwe naya mahame umurimo wabo ushingiyeho, kimwe no kubungabunga no gusana, mu ngingo.
Turubarike ni iki?
Turbocharger nigice cyingenzi cya sisitemu yo guteranya ingufu za moteri yaka imbere, igice cyo kongera umuvuduko mubice byinjira bya moteri kubera ingufu za gaze ziva.
Turbocharger ikoreshwa mu kongera imbaraga za moteri yaka imbere nta kwivanga gukabije mubishushanyo byayo.Iki gice cyongera umuvuduko mubice byo gufata moteri, bitanga ubwinshi bwuruvange rwumuyaga-mwuka mubyumba byaka.Muri iki gihe, gutwikwa bibaho ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru hamwe no gukora ingano nini ya gaze, biganisha ku kwiyongera k'umuvuduko kuri piston, kandi, nkigisubizo, kwiyongera k'umuriro wa moteri na moteri.
Gukoresha turbocharger igufasha kongera ingufu za moteri kuri 20-50% hamwe no kwiyongera gake kubiciro byayo (kandi hamwe nibihinduka bikomeye, kwiyongera kwingufu birashobora kugera 100-120%).Bitewe n'ubworoherane, kwiringirwa no gukora neza, sisitemu ya progaramu ya turbocharger ikoreshwa cyane mubwoko bwose bwimodoka ya moteri yaka imbere.
Ubwoko nibiranga turbocharger
Uyu munsi, hari ubwoko butandukanye bwa turbocharger, ariko birashobora kugabanywamo amatsinda ukurikije intego zabo nibisabwa, ubwoko bwa turbine bwakoreshejwe nibindi bikorwa.
Ukurikije intego, turbocharger zirashobora kugabanwa muburyo butandukanye:
• Kuri sisitemu imwe yo kotsa igitutu - turbocharger imwe kuri moteri, cyangwa ibice bibiri cyangwa byinshi bikorera kuri silinderi nyinshi;
• Kuburyo bukurikirana hamwe na sisitemu-ihwanye na sisitemu yo guta agaciro (variants zitandukanye za Twin Turbo) - ibice bibiri bisa cyangwa bitandukanye bikorera kumurwi rusange wa silinderi;
• Kuri sisitemu ebyiri zo gukanda, hariho turbocharger ebyiri zifite imiterere itandukanye, zikora mubice bibiri (bikurikiranye kimwe nyuma yizindi) kumurwi umwe wa silinderi.
Byakoreshejwe cyane ni sisitemu imwe yo kotsa igitutu yubatswe hashingiwe kuri turbocharger imwe.Nyamara, sisitemu nk'iyi irashobora kugira ibice bibiri cyangwa bine bisa - urugero, muri moteri ya V, moteri ya turbocharger ikoreshwa kuri buri murongo wa silinderi, muri moteri ya silindari nyinshi (irenga 8) irashobora gukoreshwa, buri kimwekimwe ikora kuri silinderi 2, 4 cyangwa nyinshi.Ntibisanzwe ni ibyiciro bibiri bya sisitemu yo guhinduranya hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwa Twin-Turbo, bakoresha turbocharger ebyiri zifite imiterere itandukanye ishobora gukora muri babiri gusa.
Ukurikije ibisabwa, turbocharger zirashobora kugabanywamo amatsinda menshi:
• Ubwoko bwa moteri - kuri lisansi, mazutu na gaze;
• Kubijyanye nubunini bwa moteri nimbaraga - kubice byamashanyarazi mato mato, aringaniye nimbaraga ndende;kuri moteri yihuta, nibindi
Turbocharger irashobora kuba ifite bumwe mubwoko bubiri bwa turbine:
• Imirasire (radial-axial, centripetal) - urujya n'uruza rw'imyuka ihumeka igaburirwa hafi ya moteri ya turbine, yimukira hagati kandi isohoka mu cyerekezo cya axial;
• Axial - imyuka ya gaze isohoka itangwa ku murongo (hagati) wa moteri ya turbine kandi isohoka hanze yacyo.
Uyu munsi, gahunda zombi zirakoreshwa, ariko kuri moteri nto urashobora gusanga kenshi turbocharger hamwe na turbine ya radial-axial, kandi kumashanyarazi akomeye, turbine ya axial irahitamo (nubwo atariryo tegeko).Hatitawe ku bwoko bwa turbine, turbocharger zose zifite compressor ya centrifugal - muri yo umwuka uhabwa hagati ya moteri kandi ukavanwa hafi yacyo.
Turbocharger zigezweho zirashobora kugira imikorere itandukanye:
• Inlet ebyiri - turbine ifite inyongeramusaruro ebyiri, imwe murimwe yakira imyuka iva mumatsinda imwe ya silinderi, iki gisubizo kigabanya umuvuduko wumuvuduko muri sisitemu kandi bitezimbere kuzamura umutekano;
• Imiterere ihindagurika ya geometrie - turbine ifite ibyuma byimukanwa cyangwa impeta yo kunyerera, unyuzemo ushobora guhindura imyuka ya gaze ya gaze kuri moteri, ibi bigufasha guhindura ibiranga turbocharger bitewe nuburyo moteri ikora.
Ubwanyuma, turbocharger ziratandukanye mubikorwa byibanze biranga nubushobozi.Mu bintu nyamukuru biranga ibi bice bigomba kugaragazwa:
• Urwego rwumuvuduko wiyongera - ikigereranyo cyumuvuduko wumwuka uva hanze ya compressor hamwe numuvuduko wumwuka winjira, uri hagati ya 1.5-3;
• Gutanga compressor (gutembera kwumwuka unyuze muri compressor) - ubwinshi bwumwuka unyura muri compressor kuri buri gice cyigihe (icya kabiri) kiri hagati ya 0.5-2 kg / s;
• Umuvuduko wo gukora uri hagati ya magana menshi (kuri lokomoteri ikomeye ya mazutu, inganda n’izindi moteri ya mazutu) kugeza ku bihumbi mirongo (kuri moteri igezweho ya kijyambere) impinduramatwara ku isegonda. Umuvuduko ntarengwa ugarukira ku mbaraga za turbine na compressor, niba umuvuduko wo kuzenguruka ari mwinshi cyane kubera imbaraga za centrifugal, uruziga rushobora gusenyuka.Muri turbocharger zigezweho, ingingo za peripheri yibiziga zirashobora kuzunguruka ku muvuduko wa 500-600 cyangwa zirenga m / s, ni ukuvuga inshuro 1.5-2 kurenza umuvuduko wijwi, ibi bitera kubaho kwifirimbi iranga turbine;
• Ubushyuhe bwo gukora / ntarengwa bwa gaze ya gaze isohoka kuri turbine iri hagati ya 650-700 ° C, rimwe na rimwe igera kuri 1000 ° C;
• Imikorere ya turbine / compressor mubisanzwe ni 0.7-0.8, mubice bimwe imikorere ya turbine mubisanzwe ntabwo iba munsi yubushobozi bwa compressor.
Na none, ibice bitandukanye mubunini, ubwoko bwo kwishyiriraho, gukenera gukoresha ibice bifasha, nibindi.
Igishushanyo cya Turbocharger
Muri rusange, turbocharger igizwe nibice bitatu byingenzi:
1.Turbine;
2.Compressor;
3.Kubyara amazu (amazu yo hagati).
Igishushanyo gisanzwe cya moteri yimbere imbere yegeranya sisitemu yo guhumeka ikirere
Turbine nigice gihindura ingufu za kinetic ya gaze ya gaze mumashanyarazi (mumurongo wikiziga), itanga imikorere ya compressor.Compressor nigice cyo kuvoma umwuka.Amazu yimyubakire ahuza ibice byombi muburyo bumwe, kandi shitingi ya rotor iherereyemo ituma ihererekanyabubasha ryumuriro riva mumuziga wa turbine ukajya kumuzinga wa compressor.
Igice cya Turbocharger
Turbine na compressor bifite igishushanyo gisa.Ishingiro rya buri kimwe muri ibyo bice ni umubiri wa cochlear, mubice bya periferiya no hagati aho hari imiyoboro yo guhuza sisitemu yo gukanda.Muri compressor, umuyoboro winjira uhora hagati, umuyaga (gusohora) uri kuri peripheri.Gahunda imwe yimiyoboro ya turbine ya axial, kuri radiyo-axial turbine, aho imiyoboro ihabanye (kuri peripheri - gufata, hagati - hagati).
Imbere murubanza hari uruziga rufite ibyuma byuburyo budasanzwe.Ibiziga byombi - turbine na compressor - bifatwa nigiti gisanzwe kinyura munzu yububiko.Inziga zirakomeye cyangwa zifatanije, imiterere yibyuma bya turbine itanga uburyo bwiza bwo gukoresha ingufu za gaze ya gaze, imiterere yibiziga bya compressor itanga ingaruka ntarengwa ya centrifugal.Turbine zigezweho zirashobora gukoresha ibiziga hamwe na ceramic blade, bifite uburemere buke kandi bifite imikorere myiza.Ingano yibiziga bya turbocharger ya moteri yimodoka ni mm 50-180, moteri ikomeye, inganda nizindi moteri ya mazutu ni mm 220-500 cyangwa irenga.
Inzu zombi zashyizwe kumazu yubatswe hamwe na bolts ukoresheje kashe.Ibikoresho byo mu kibaya (bidakunze kuzunguruka byerekana igishushanyo kidasanzwe) na O-impeta biri hano.Mu nzu yo hagati harimo imiyoboro ya peteroli yo gusiga amavuta na shitingi, no muri turbocharger zimwe na cavit ya jacket ikonjesha amazi.Mugihe cyo kwishyiriraho, igice gihujwe na sisitemu yo gusiga no gukonjesha.
Ibice bitandukanye byunganira birashobora kandi gutangwa mugushushanya turbocharger, harimo ibice bya sisitemu yo kuzenguruka gaze ya gaze, amavuta ya peteroli, ibintu byo kunoza amavuta yibice hamwe no gukonjesha kwayo, kugenzura ibicuruzwa, nibindi.
Ibice bya Turbocharger bikozwe mubyiciro byihariye byibyuma, ibyuma birwanya ubushyuhe bikoreshwa mukiziga cya turbine.Ibikoresho byatoranijwe neza ukurikije coefficient yo kwagura ubushyuhe, butanga ubwizerwe bwigishushanyo muburyo butandukanye bwo gukora.
Turbocharger yashyizwe muri sisitemu yo guhumeka ikirere, ikubiyemo kandi gufata no gusohora ibintu byinshi, ndetse no muri sisitemu igoye - intercooler (kwishyuza radiyo ikonjesha), indangagaciro zitandukanye, sensor, dampers hamwe nu miyoboro.
Ihame ryimikorere ya turbocharger
Imikorere ya turbocharger iva kumahame yoroshye.Turbine yikigo yinjizwa muri sisitemu yo gusohora moteri, compressor - mu nzira yo gufata.Mugihe cyo gukora moteri, imyuka isohoka yinjira muri turbine, ikubita ibyuma byiziga, ikabiha imbaraga za kinetic ikanatera kuzunguruka.Umuyoboro uva muri turbine woherezwa mu buryo butaziguye ibiziga bya compressor ukoresheje uruziga.Iyo bizunguruka, uruziga rwa compressor rujugunya umwuka kuri peripheri, bikongera umuvuduko wacyo - uyu mwuka utangwa muburyo bwinshi bwo gufata.
Turbocharger imwe ifite umubare mubi, nyamukuru muriyo ni gutinda kwa turbo cyangwa umwobo wa turbo.Ibiziga byigice bifite misa hamwe nubusembure bumwe, kuburyo bidashobora guhita bizunguruka mugihe umuvuduko wumuriro wiyongereye.Kubwibyo, iyo ukanze pedal ya gaze cyane, moteri ya turbuclifike ntabwo yihuta ako kanya - habaho guhagarara gato, kunanirwa kwamashanyarazi.Igisubizo cyiki kibazo nuburyo bwihariye bwo kugenzura turbine, turbocharger hamwe na geometrie ihindagurika, urukurikirane-ruringaniye hamwe na sisitemu yo gukanda ibyiciro bibiri, nibindi.
Ihame ryimikorere ya turbocharger
Ibibazo byo kubungabunga no gusana turbocharger
Turbocharger ikenera kubungabungwa bike.Ikintu cyingenzi nuguhindura moteri ya moteri namavuta yo kuyungurura mugihe.Niba moteri ishobora gukomeza gukora kumavuta ashaje mugihe runaka, noneho birashobora guhitana ubuzima bwa turbocharger - ndetse no kwangirika gake mubwiza bwamavuta kumitwaro myinshi birashobora gutuma habaho kuvunika no gusenya igice.Birasabwa kandi guhanagura buri gihe ibice bya turbine mububiko bwa karubone, bisaba gusenywa, ariko iki gikorwa kigomba gukorwa gusa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho nibikoresho bidasanzwe.
Turbocharger idakwiye muribyinshi byoroshye kuyisimbuza kuruta gusana.Kubisimbuza, birakenewe gukoresha igice cyubwoko bumwe nicyitegererezo cyashyizwe kuri moteri mbere.Kwishyiriraho turbocharger hamwe nibindi biranga bishobora guhagarika imikorere yumuriro.Nibyiza kwizera guhitamo, kwishyiriraho no guhindura ibice kubuhanga - ibi byemeza ko imirimo ikorwa neza nibikorwa bisanzwe bya moteri.Hamwe nogusimbuza neza turbocharger, moteri izagarura imbaraga nyinshi kandi izashobora gukemura imirimo igoye cyane.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-21-2023