Gushyira amasoko kumurongo wikinyabiziga bikorwa hifashishijwe inkunga yubatswe kubice byihariye - intoki.Ibintu byose bijyanye nintoki zamasoko, ubwoko bwazo buriho, igishushanyo nibiranga akazi muguhagarika, kimwe no guhitamo neza intoki no kubisimbuza, urashobora kubisanga mubiganiro byatanzwe.
Isoko y'intoki ni iki?
Guhagarika amasoko hamwe nintoki zirimo
Urutoki rwamasoko nizina risanzwe ryibice muburyo bwinkoni hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwo kwishyiriraho (urudodo, umugozi, pin), rusohoka nkimigozi cyangwa ibifunga muguhagarika ibinyabiziga.
Guhagarika amasoko, byavumbuwe mu kinyejana cya XVIII, biracyafite akamaro kandi bikoreshwa cyane mu gutwara abantu.Amasoko akora nkibintu byoroshye, ibyo, bitewe nimiterere yabyo, byoroha guhinda umushyitsi no guhinda umushyitsi iyo imodoka igenda iringaniza umuhanda.Ibisanzwe cyane ni igice cya elliptique amasoko hamwe ningingo ebyiri zunganirwa kumurongo - ivugwa kandi iranyerera.Ingingo isobanutse itanga ubushobozi bwo kuzenguruka isoko ugereranije nurwego, kandi kunyerera bitanga impinduka muburebure bwimpeshyi mugihe cyo guhindura ibintu bibaho mugihe cyo gutsinda ubusumbane bwubuso bwumuhanda.Umurongo winkunga isobanutse, iherereye imbere yisoko, nikintu kidasanzwe - urutoki rw ugutwi kwamasoko (cyangwa urutoki rwimpera yimbere yisoko).Inyuma yinyuma yinyuma yinyuma ikorwa cyane kuri bolts nibindi bice, ariko rimwe na rimwe intoki zubushakashatsi butandukanye zikoreshwa muri zo.
Intoki zo mu mpeshyi nibice byingenzi byo guhagarikwa bikora buri gihe munsi yimitwaro myinshi (niyo imodoka itagenda), kubwibyo birashobora kwambara cyane kandi bisaba gusimburwa.Ariko mbere yo kugura intoki nshya, ugomba kumva igishushanyo nibiranga ibi bice.
Ubwoko, igishushanyo nibiranga amasoko y'intoki
Gushyira urutoki rwamasoko kuri nut
Intoki zamasoko zashyizwe mubikorwa nimirimo ikorwa muguhagarika (kandi, ukurikije aho washyizeho), nuburyo bwo kwishyiriraho.
Ukurikije intego (imikorere), intoki zigabanyijemo amatsinda atatu yingenzi:
Urutoki rw'ugutwi (impera y'imbere) y'isoko;
● Urutoki rwinyuma yinyuma yisoko;
Intoki zitandukanye.
Mubintu hafi ya byose byahagaritswe byamababi hari urutoki rwamatwi, nicyo kintu cyingenzi cyimbere hinge fulcrum yimbere ninyuma.Uru rutoki rukora imirimo myinshi:
● Ibikorwa nka axis (kingpin) ya fulcrum;
Itanga uburyo bwo guhuza ugutwi kwamasoko hamwe nigitereko kiri kumurongo;
Itanga ihererekanyabubasha ryimbaraga na torque kuva kumuziga kugeza kumurongo wikinyabiziga.
Inkingi yinyuma ntishobora kuboneka muguhagarika kwimpeshyi zose, akenshi iki gice gisimburwa na bolts cyangwa utwugarizo nta kintu gifatanye.Izi ntoki zirashobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bubiri bwingenzi:
Intoki imwe imwe yashyizwe mumutwe winyuma yisoko (mubyukuri, mubyinjijwe mumutwe);
Intoki ebyiri zegeranijwe mu gutwi.
Intoki imwe ikoreshwa cyane iherereye mumutwe winyuma, isoko iruhukira kurutoki (mu buryo butaziguye cyangwa binyuze mu gaseke kadasanzwe).Intoki ebyiri zikoreshwa cyane cyane, kandi mubisanzwe kumodoka ya misa nto (urugero, kuri moderi zimwe za UAZ).Intoki zegeranijwe hamwe zibiri zifashishijwe amasahani abiri (umusaya), zikora impeta yo kumanika isoko: urutoki rwo hejuru rwi gutwi rushyirwa mumutwe ku ikadiri, urutoki rwo hepfo - mu gutwi inyuma yinyuma isoko.Uyu musozi utuma impera yinyuma yisoko ihinduka mumurongo utambitse kandi uhagaze mugihe uruziga rugenda mumihanda idahwanye.
Ubwoko butandukanye bwo gushiraho pin bikoreshwa muguhuza paki yamasahani yamatwi kumatwi (cyangwa isahani yamababi, kumpera yacyo ikazunguruka).Intoki zombi na bolts birashobora gukoreshwa muguhuza hamwe na plastike na rubber zitandukanye.
Ukurikije uburyo bwo kwishyiriraho, intoki zamasoko zigabanyijemo ubwoko butatu:
1. Hamwe no gukosorwa hamwe na bolts ya transvers ya diameter nto (jamming);
2. Hamwe no gutunganya imbuto;
3. Hamwe no gukosora pin.
Amatwi yamatwi atemba hamwe no gukosorwa hamwe
Urutoki rutwi rutemba hamwe nibitunga
Urutoki rwinyuma yinyuma yisoko kuri pin
Mugihe cyambere, urutoki rwa silindrike rukoreshwa, hejuru yuruhande rwarwo hakozwe ibice bibiri bihinduranya.Utwugarizo dufite ibice bibiri bihinduranya byinjira mu ntoki, byemeza ko bivanga.Hamwe nogushiraho, urutoki rufashwe neza mumutwe, ntiruzunguruka ruzengurutse umurongo kandi rurinzwe kugwa munsi yimitwaro yimitwaro no kunyeganyega.Urutoki rw'ubu bwoko rukoreshwa cyane mu makamyo, harimo amakamyo yo mu rugo ya KAMAZ.
Mugihe cya kabiri, urudodo rwaciwe kumpera yintoki, hejuru yimbuto imwe cyangwa ebyiri hamwe nogukaraba.Imbuto zisanzwe hamwe nimbuto zamakamba zirashobora gukoreshwa byuzuye hamwe na pin yashyizwe mumwobo uhinduranya urutoki, kandi ikarwanya byimazeyo.
Mugihe cya gatatu, intoki zirakoreshwa, zigashyirwaho gusa na pin, ikora nkigihagararo kibuza igice kugwa mumutwe.Byongeye kandi, igikarabiro gikoreshwa hamwe na pin.
Urutoki rwubwoko bwa mbere nubwa kabiri bikoreshwa muburyo bwimbere bwamasoko, intoki zubwoko bwa gatatu - mumugongo winyuma wamasoko.
Mu itsinda ryihariye, urashobora gukuramo intoki zikoreshwa mumatwi yamasoko.Mu itama rimwe, intoki zirakanda, aho kwaguka hamwe nintambwe ndende ikorerwa munsi yumutwe wabo - urutoki rushyirwa mumwobo mumusaya hamwe nu kwaguka, kandi rushyizwemo.Guhuza umusaya wa kabiri bikorwa nimbuto zisanzwe cyangwa utubuto twambitswe ikamba.Nkigisubizo, guhuza ibice birashirwaho, tubikesha impeta ishobora gushyirwaho byoroshye no gusenywa, nibiba ngombwa, igasenywa kugirango isimbuze urutoki rumwe.
Gushyira intoki zimbere zishyigikira mumutwe bikorwa binyuze mumaboko akomeye cyangwa ahuriweho.Mu gikamyo, ibyuma bikomeye bikoreshwa cyane, aho intoki zishyirwaho binyuze kashe ya reberi ebyiri (cuffs).Mu modoka zoroheje, ibihuru bigizwe nibice bibiri bya reberi hamwe nigitugu gihujwe n’ibiti byo hanze ndetse n’imbere bikoreshwa cyane - iki gishushanyo ni icyuma cya rubber-icyuma (guceceka), kigabanya urwego rusange rwo kunyeganyega n’urusaku rwo guhagarika.
Kubikorwa bisanzwe byurutoki rwimbere yimbere (ugutwi kwamasoko), gusiga amavuta birakenewe - kubwiyi ntego, umuyoboro wa L ukorwa mu ntoki (gucukura ku mpera no mu gice cyuruhande), hamwe nibisanzwe amavuta ya peteroli yashizwe kumpera kumutwe.Binyuze muri peteroli, amavuta ashyirwa mumuyoboro wurutoki, rwinjira mu gihuru kandi, kubera umuvuduko nubushyuhe, bigabanywa mu cyuho kiri hagati yigihuru nintoki.Kugirango habe no gukwirakwiza amavuta (kimwe no gushiraho neza igice mugice), uburebure bwa longitudinal na transvers butandukanye burashobora gukorwa murutoki.
Nigute ushobora gufata no gusimbuza amasoko y'urutoki
Mugihe cyimikorere yikinyabiziga, intoki zose zamasoko zikorerwa imitwaro ikomeye yubukanishi, hamwe ningaruka ziterwa nibidukikije bidukikije, ibyo bikabaviramo kwambara cyane, guhindura no kwangirika.Reba uko intoki zimeze kandi ibihuru byazo bigomba kuba kuri buri TO-1, mugihe cyigenzura ni ngombwa gusuzuma mu buryo bugaragara no gukoresha ibikoresho byerekana intoki n’ibihuru, kandi, niba birenze ibyemewe, hindura ibi bice.
Gusa izo ntoki nibice bifitanye isano bisabwa nuwakoze ibinyabiziga bigomba gufatwa kugirango bisimburwe.Gukoresha ubundi bwoko bwibice bishobora kuganisha ku kwambara imburagihe no kumeneka guhagarikwa, ibisubizo bibi birashobora no gukora ubwigenge bwintoki (cyane cyane niba icyiciro cyicyuma cyatoranijwe nabi).Ugomba guhindura urutoki rwamasoko ukurikije amabwiriza yo gusana no gufata neza imodoka.Mubisanzwe iki gikorwa gikorwa kuburyo bukurikira:
1. Manika igice cyimodoka kuruhande rwisoko kugirango usanwe, fungura isoko;
2. Hagarika imashini ikurura amasoko;
3. Kurekura urutoki - kuramo ibinyomoro, kuramo ibimera, gukuramo pin cyangwa gukora ibindi bikorwa ukurikije ubwoko bw'umugereka w'urutoki;
4. Kuraho urutoki - kurukuramo cyangwa kurukura mu ntoki ukoresheje igikoresho kidasanzwe;
5. Kugenzura ibihuru nibiba ngombwa, ubikureho;
6. Shyiramo ibice bishya, umaze gukora amavuta;
7. Hindura kubaka.
Twabibutsa ko mubihe bimwe na bimwe, ushobora gukuramo urutoki gusa wifashishije imashini zidasanzwe - iki gikoresho kigomba kwitabwaho mbere.Imashini irashobora kugurwa cyangwa gukorwa mu bwigenge, nubwo ibicuruzwa byo muruganda bikora neza cyane.
Nyuma yo gusimbuza urutoki, birakenewe ko wuzuza amavuta ukoresheje amavuta yo gukanda, mugihe kizaza kugirango ukore iki gikorwa hamwe no kubungabunga neza.
Niba urutoki rwamasoko rwaratoranijwe kandi rugasimburwa neza, guhagarika imodoka bizakora neza mubihe byose, bitanga kugenda neza kandi neza.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-06-2023