Ibinyabiziga byose, ukurikije amategeko ariho, bifite ibikoresho byo kumurika - amatara yubwoko butandukanye.Soma ibyerekeranye nigitereko cyimodoka icyo aricyo, ubwoko bwamatara yamatara, uko akora nakazi, kimwe no guhitamo neza, gusimbuza no gukoresha amatara - soma ingingo.
Itara ry'imodoka ni iki?
Itara ryimodoka nigikoresho cyo kumurika amashanyarazi gishyizwe imbere yikinyabiziga.Iki gikoresho gitanga urumuri rwumuhanda hamwe nakarere kegereye kurwego ruciriritse, cyangwa mubihe bitagaragara neza.Amatara akunze kwitwa amatara yumutwe cyangwa optique yumutwe, byerekana intego zabo hamwe n’aho biherereye.
Amatara ni kimwe mubice byingenzi bigize amatara yimodoka, bikemura ibibazo byinshi:
• Kumurika igice cyumuhanda nigice gikikije imbere yimodoka mu mwijima - ikora itara ryumutwe;
• Kumurika kumuhanda mu gihu, urubura, umuyaga wumusenyi, nibindi - gukora amatara yibicu;
• Kumurika kariya gace kure cyane yumuhanda rusange, mugihe cyo gushakisha no gutabara no mubindi bihe - kora amatara yo gushakisha n'amatara;
• Kureba niba ikinyabiziga kigaragara mugihe utwaye mumihanda nyabagendwa mumasaha yumunsi - amatara yometse akorwa adahari cyangwa yamenetse kumatara yo kumanywa.
Iyi mirimo yashinzwe kumatara yubwoko butandukanye.
Itondekanya ryamatara yimodoka
Amatara yimodoka agabanijwe mubwoko ukurikije uburyo bwo gukora urumuri, intego, gukoreshwa muri gahunda zitandukanye zo kumurika nibikoresho.
Ukurikije uburyo bwo gukora urumuri, hari ubwoko bubiri bwamatara:
• Reflex (yerekana) - amatara gakondo afite icyerekezo cya parabolike cyangwa imiterere igoye, ikora urumuri rwerekezo rwumucyo;
• Projection (itara ryishakisha, rifite lens, amatara ya sisitemu yo kumurika igice cya ellipsoide) - amatara ya kijyambere afite lens optique, ituma habaho urumuri rukomeye rufite ubunini buke bwibikoresho byose.
Ukurikije intego yabo, amatara agabanijwe mumatsinda atatu:
• Shingiro (itara ry'umutwe) - kumurika umuhanda n'akarere kegereye umwijima;
• Igicu - kumurikira umuhanda mubihe bitagaragara neza;
• Amatara yo gushakisha n'amatara - amasoko yumucyo werekeza kumurika agace kegereye kandi intera ndende.
Na none, amatara agabanijwemo ubwoko butatu:
• Igiti gito;
• Igiti kinini;
• Hamwe - igikoresho kimwe gishobora gukora muburyo buke kandi burebure (ariko ntabwo muburyo bubiri icyarimwe, bwanditse neza muri GOST).
Amatara maremare kandi maremare aratandukanye muburyo bwimirasire hamwe nibiranga urumuri.
Amatara yometse amurikira umuhanda imbere yimodoka kandi akabuza abashoferi guhumbya mumihanda igana.Iki gikoresho gikora urumuri rwerekeje hepfo kandi rwerekejwe kumuhanda, kubwiyi ntego itara rishyirwa imbere yibyerekezo byerekana urumuri rwamatara, kandi igice cyumucyo uturuka kumurongo wacyo kirinzwe (hepfo).Amatara yometseho amatara arashobora gukora urumuri rufite imirasire itandukanye:
Amatara maremare kandi maremare aratandukanye muburyo bwimirasire hamwe nibiranga urumuri.
Amatara yometse amurikira umuhanda imbere yimodoka kandi akabuza abashoferi guhumbya mumihanda igana.Iki gikoresho gikora urumuri rwerekeje hepfo kandi rwerekejwe kumuhanda, kubwiyi ntego itara rishyirwa imbere yibyerekezo byerekana urumuri rwamatara, kandi igice cyumucyo uturuka kumurongo wacyo kirinzwe (hepfo).Amatara yometseho amatara arashobora gukora urumuri rufite imirasire itandukanye:
Imikorere yigitereko cyamatara mugiti gito
uburyoImikorere yamatara muburyo bwo gutwara ibinyabiziga
• Symmetrical - urumuri rukwirakwira imbere, buhoro buhoro gutakaza ubukana hamwe no gutandukana kuva optique ya optique yumucyo iburyo n'ibumoso;
• Asimmetric (Burayi) - urumuri rumurikira umuhanda utaringaniye, ubukana bwinshi bwo kumurika butangwa iburyo, butwikiriye umurongo wiburyo nigitugu, kwiyegereza urumuri ibumoso birinda guhuma abashoferi bahuma mumihanda igana.
Itara rirerire rimurikira umuhanda nubutaka kure cyane yimodoka.Itara ryiri tara riherereye neza murwego rwo kwerekana icyerekezo, bityo urumuri rukomatanya rwinshi rukomeye, rwerekejwe imbere.
Amatara arashobora gukoreshwa mumutwe wa optique ya gahunda zitandukanye:
• Amatara abiri yamatara - amatara abiri yubwoko bukomatanyije arakoreshwa, afatanye neza kumpande zombi zumurongo wo hagati wiyi modoka;
• Amatara ane yamatara - amatara ane akoreshwa, abiri muri yo akora gusa muburyo buke bwo kumurika, abiri - gusa muburyo bwo hejuru.Amatara yakusanyirijwe hamwe muburyo bubiri "bwometse kumurongo + urumuri rurerure", byombi biherereye muburyo bumwe hagati yiyi modoka.
Dukurikije amategeko ariho (GOST R 41.48-2004 (Amabwiriza ya UNECE No 48) nizindi zimwe), imodoka zigomba kuba zifite amatara abiri yometse kandi maremare maremare, amatara abiri yibicu arashobora gushyirwaho kubushake, ahari andi yongewemo n'amatara maremare maremare cyangwa, kurundi ruhande, ntihaboneka ibikoresho bisanzwe, imodoka nkiyi ntishobora gukoreshwa (ukurikije igika cya 3 cy "Ingingo shingiro zerekeye kwemerera ibinyabiziga gukora ..." Amategeko yumuhanda wikirusiya Federasiyo).
Igishushanyo nibiranga amatara yimodoka
Mugushushanya, amatara agabanijwe muburyo butandukanye:
• Inama y'Abaminisitiri - ifite ikibazo cyihariye, irashobora gushirwa kumurongo ku modoka cyangwa ahandi.Ubu bwoko bukubiyemo amatara yimodoka zitari nke kugeza muri 60, hamwe n’amatara yibicu, amatara yo gushakisha n’amatara yo gushakisha;
• Yubatswe - yashyizwe muri niches idasanzwe yatanzwe imbere yimodoka;
• Hagarika amatara - komatanya amatara maremare kandi maremare hamwe nicyerekezo cyerekana muburyo bumwe.Mubisanzwe bashizwemo;
• Amatara-amatara - amatara yubunini bwiyongereye, Yinjijwe mubishushanyo kimwe hamwe na ecran na diffuzeri, byubatswe.Bikunze kugaragara kumodoka zabanyamerika, uyumunsi zikoreshwa cyane cyane kuruta amatara asanzwe.
Mu buryo bwubaka, amatara yose arasa.Ishimikiro ryibicuruzwa nurugero rwashyizwemo indorerwamo - indorerwamo igoramye muburyo runaka (ubusanzwe plastiki ifite icyuma cyerekana ibyuma), ituma habaho urumuri rumuri rwerekejwe imbere.
Hariho ubwoko butatu bwerekana:
• Parabolike - igishushanyo mbonera, icyerekezo gifite imiterere ya paraboloide yo kuzunguruka, itanga ikwirakwizwa ryumucyo kumurongo wa optique;
• Ifishi yubuntu - icyerekezo gifite imiterere igoye hamwe nuduce dufite imyumvire itandukanye ugereranije nundi, ikora urumuri rumuri rufite imishwarara runaka;
• Elliptique - ubu ni bwo buryo bwo kwerekana amatara ya projection (lensed), imiterere ya elliptique itanga ishusho ikenewe yumucyo mumwanya muto.
Igice cyamatara gikoresha ibyuma byinshi byerekana amatara yose yinjijwe muburyo bumwe.Inkomoko yumucyo yashyizwe hagati yumucyo - itara ryubwoko bumwe cyangwa ubundi (bisanzwe, halogen, LED, xenon), mumatara maremare yamatara ya filament cyangwa arc biherereye mubyerekezo byerekana, mumatara yometseho yazanwe imbere.Imbere, itara ritwikiriwe na diffuzeri - igice kibonerana gikozwe mu kirahure cyangwa polyakarubone, kuri ruswa.Kubaho kwa korugasi bituma ukwirakwiza urumuri rumuri ahantu hose rumurikirwa.Nta diffuser iri mumatara yishakisha n'amatara yo gushakisha, mubyukuri, ikirahure gitwikiriye itara ntigikonjesha, kiroroshye.Mu matara y'ibicu, lens irashobora gusiga irangi ry'umuhondo.
Igishushanyo mbonera cyamatara arakomeye.Zishingiye ku cyuma cyerekana elliptique, mu cyerekezo cyashyizwemo itara, kandi intera imwe - optique yo gukusanya optique.Hagati ya lens na ecran irashobora kuba ecran yimuka ihindura urumuri mugihe uhinduranya urumuri ruto nigiti kinini.
Igishushanyo rusange nigikorwa cyamatara yimodoka
Umubiri hamwe ninteguza yigitereko cyerekanwe nibiranga nyamukuru nubwoko bwamatara ashobora gushyirwaho.Gushiraho andi masoko yumucyo ntibyemewe (usibye bidasanzwe), ibi birashobora guhindura ibiranga itara, kandi kubwibyo, imodoka ntizatsinda ubugenzuzi.
Ibibazo byo guhitamo, gusimbuza no gukora amatara yimodoka
Guhitamo optique nshya, birakenewe ko uzirikana igishushanyo, ibiranga nibiranga ibicuruzwa bishaje, nibyiza ko wagura itara ryikitegererezo kimwe.Niba tuvuga amatara yibicu cyangwa amatara yishakisha n'amatara yo gushakisha bitari kumodoka, noneho hano ugomba kuzirikana uburyo ushobora gushyira ibyo bikoresho kumodoka (kuba hari utwugarizo dukwiye, nibindi) nibiranga.
Byakagombye kwitabwaho cyane cyane guhitamo amatara.Uyu munsi, mubisanzwe bitangwa muburyo bubiri - hamwe nigice kiboneye (cyera) n'umuhondo igice cyerekana ibimenyetso.Mugihe uhisemo itara rifite igice cyerekana ibimenyetso byumuhondo, ugomba kugura itara rifite itara rifite umucyo, mugihe uhisemo itara rifite igice cyerekana ibimenyetso byera, ugomba kugura itara rifite itara ryumuhondo (amber).
Gusimbuza amatara bikorwa hakurikijwe amabwiriza yo gukora no gusana imodoka.Nyuma yo gusimburwa, birakenewe guhindura amatara ukurikije amabwiriza amwe.Mugihe cyoroshye cyane, iki gikorwa gikozwe hifashishijwe ecran - indege ihagaritse ifite ibimenyetso byerekanwe amatara, urukuta, umuryango wa garage, uruzitiro, nibindi bishobora gukora nka ecran.
Kuburyo bwuburayi-buke buke (hamwe nigiti cya asimmetrike), birakenewe ko umupaka wo hejuru wigice cya horizontal cyumucyo uherereye munsi yumucyo wamatara.Kugirango umenye intera, urashobora gukoresha formula ikurikira:
h = H– (14 × L × H) / 1000000
aho h ni intera kuva kumurongo wamatara kugeza kumupaka wo hejuru wikibanza, H nintera kuva hejuru yumuhanda kugera hagati yamatara, L ni intera kuva mumodoka kugera kuri ecran, igice cyo gupima ni mm.
Kugirango uhindurwe, birakenewe gushyira imodoka mumwanya wa metero 5-8 uvuye kuri ecran, agaciro h kagomba kuryama hagati ya mm 35-100, ukurikije uburebure bwimodoka hamwe n’amatara yacyo.
Kumurongo muremure, birakenewe kwemeza ko hagati yumucyo uri hagati yikigice cyintera kuva optique ya optique yigitereko cyumupaka numupaka wumucyo muto.Na none, amashoka ya optique yamatara agomba kwerekezwa imbere, nta gutandukira kumpande.
Hamwe noguhitamo neza no guhindura amatara, imodoka izakira ibikoresho byo kumurika byujuje ubuziranenge byujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa kandi birinda umutekano mumuhanda mugihe utwaye umwijima.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-22-2023