Muri buri modoka igezweho, romoruki nizindi modoka, hakoreshwa ibikoresho byinshi byo kumurika - amatara.Soma ibyerekeye itara ryimodoka icyo aricyo, ubwoko bwamatara ahari nuburyo butunganijwe, uburyo bwo guhitamo no gukoresha amatara yubwoko butandukanye - soma muriyi ngingo.
Itara ry'imodoka ni iki?
Itara ryimodoka nigikoresho cyamashanyarazi kimurika, isoko yumucyo wimbaraga aho ingufu zamashanyarazi zihinduka imirasire yumucyo muburyo bumwe cyangwa ubundi.
Amatara yimodoka akoreshwa mugukemura ibibazo byinshi:
• Kumurika umuhanda n'akarere kawukikije mu mwijima cyangwa mubihe bitagaragara neza (igihu, imvura, umuyaga wumukungugu) - amatara, amatara yibicu, amatara yishakisha n'amatara yo gushakisha;
• Amatara yo kwirinda umutekano wo mumuhanda - ibipimo byerekana icyerekezo, amatara ya feri, ibimenyetso bisubiza inyuma, amatara yo kumurango, kumurika ibyapa byinyuma, amatara yibicu byinyuma;
• Menyesha uko imodoka imeze, ibiyigize hamwe ninteko - ibimenyetso n'amatara yo kugenzura ku kibaho;
• Itara ryimbere - imodoka imbere, icyumba cya moteri, inzu yimizigo;
• Amatara yihutirwa - amatara atwara kure nandi;
• Guhuza no kuvugurura imodoka - amatara yo kumurika.
Kugira ngo buri kibazo gikemuke, amatara nandi masoko yumucyo (LED) yuburyo butandukanye nibiranga bikoreshwa.Kugirango uhitemo neza itara, ugomba kubanza kumva ubwoko bwabo nibiranga.
Ubwoko nibiranga amatara yimodoka
Amatara yimodoka arashobora kugabanywamo ubwoko nubwoko ukurikije ihame ryumubiri, ibiranga intego.
Ukurikije ihame ryumubiri ryimikorere, amatara agabanijwe muburyo bukurikira:
• Amatara yaka cyane;
• Gusohora gaze ya Xenon (arc, xenon-metal halide);
• Amatara ya gaze (neon kandi yuzuyemo indi myuka ya inert);
Amatara ya Fluorescent;
• Amashanyarazi yumucyo - LED.
Buri bwoko bwubwoko bwamatara bwasobanuwe bufite imiterere yihariye hamwe nihame ryimikorere.
Amatara maremare.Inkomoko yumucyo ni tungsten filament yashyutswe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru, ifunze mumashanyarazi.Bashobora kugira filime imwe cyangwa ebyiri (zahujwe n'amatara maremare kandi maremare), hari ubwoko butatu:
• Vacuum - umwuka usohoka muri flask, bitewe na filament idahumeka iyo ishyushye;
• Huzuyemo gaze ya inert - azote, argon cyangwa imvange yabyo binjizwa muri flask;
• Halogen - itara ririmo uruvange rwumuyaga wa halogene wa iyode na bromine, utezimbere imikorere y itara nibiranga.
Amatara ya Vacuum uyumunsi akoreshwa gusa mubikoresho byabigenewe, kumurika, nibindi. Amatara yisi yose yuzuyemo imyuka ya inert arakwiriye.Amatara ya Halogen akoreshwa mumatara gusa.
Amatara ya Xenon.Aya ni amatara ya arc yamashanyarazi, hariho electrode ebyiri mumatara, hagati ya arc yumuriro.Itara ryuzuyemo gaze ya xenon, itanga ibimenyetso bikenewe biranga itara.Hano hari amatara ya xenon na bi-xenon, asa namatara afite filaments ebyiri kumurongo muto kandi muremure.
Amatara ya gaze.Aya matara akoresha ubushobozi bwa gaze ya inert (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon) kugirango itange urumuri iyo amashanyarazi abanyuze.Amatara ya neon akoreshwa cyane ni orange, amatara ya argon atanga urumuri rwumutuku, amatara ya krypton atanga urumuri rwubururu.
Amatara ya Fluorescent.Muri ayo matara, urumuri rusohora igifuniko kidasanzwe imbere mumatara - fosifore.Iyi shitingi irabagirana bitewe no kwinjiza ingufu, muburyo bwurumuri ultraviolet rutangwa numwuka wa mercure iyo amashanyarazi anyuze muri bo.
Amatara.Ibi ni ibikoresho bya semiconductor (diode itanga urumuri) aho imirasire ya optique ituruka ku ngaruka ziterwa na kwant mu ihuriro rya pn (aho uhurira na semiconductor yimitungo itandukanye).LED, itandukanye nandi masoko yumucyo, mubyukuri ni isoko yimirasire.
Amatara yubwoko butandukanye afite porogaramu zimwe:
• Amatara yaka cyane arahinduka cyane, uyumunsi arakoreshwa mumatara yumutwe, gutabaza, muri kabine, nkamatara yo kugenzura no kwerekana ibimenyetso mubibaho, nibindi.;
• Xenon - mu mucyo gusa;
• Itara-gazi - amatara ya neon nk'ikimenyetso n'amatara yo kugenzura (ni gake gikoreshwa muri iki gihe), neon n'indi miyoboro ya gaze yo kumurika imitako;
• Fluorescent - nka salon (gake) nisoko yumucyo wa kure kubintu byihutirwa, gusana, nibindi.;
• LED ni isoko yumucyo ukoreshwa uyumunsi mumatara yumutwe, kumatara yumucyo, nkamatara yo kumurango, mumashanyarazi.
Ubwoko bw'itara LED
Amatara yimodoka afite ibintu byinshi byingenzi biranga:
• Gutanga voltage - 6, 12 na 24 V, kuri moto, imodoka namakamyo;
• Imbaraga z'amashanyarazi - imbaraga zikoreshwa n'itara zisanzwe kuva kuri kimwe cya cumi cya watt (ibimenyetso n'amatara yo kugenzura) kugeza kuri watt mirongo (itara ryamatara).Mubisanzwe, amatara yo guhagarara, amatara ya feri nicyerekezo cyerekezo bifite imbaraga za watt 4-5, amatara yumutwe - kuva kuri watt 35 kugeza 70, ukurikije ubwoko (amatara yaka - 45-50 watt, amatara ya halogene - 60-65 watt, xenon amatara - kugeza kuri watt 75 cyangwa irenga);
• Umucyo - imbaraga za flux flux zakozwe n'itara zipimwa muri lumens (Lm).Amatara asanzwe yaka arema urumuri rugera kuri 550-600 Lm, amatara ya halogene yingufu zimwe - 1300-2100 Lm, amatara ya xenon - agera kuri 3200 Lm, amatara ya LED - 20-500 Lm;
• Ubushyuhe bwamabara nibiranga ibara ryimirasire yamatara, yerekanwe kuri dogere Kelvin.Amatara yaka cyane afite ubushyuhe bwamabara ya 2200-2800 K, amatara ya halogene - 3000-3200 K, amatara ya xenon - 4000-5000 K, amatara ya LED - 4000-6000 K. Iyo ubushyuhe bwamabara bumeze, niko itara ryoroha.
Bitandukanye, hari amatsinda abiri yamatara ukurikije imirasire:
• Amatara asanzwe - afite itara ryikirahure gisanzwe, risohora mugice kinini (muri optique na hafi-ultraviolet na infragre);
• Hamwe na filteri ya ultraviolet - gira flask ikozwe mubirahuri bya quartz, igumana imirasire ya ultraviolet.Aya matara akoreshwa mumatara hamwe na diffuzeri ikozwe muri polyakarubone cyangwa izindi plastiki, zitakaza imico kandi zigasenywa nimirasire ya UV.
Nyamara, ibiranga hejuru byavuzwe haruguru muguhitamo amatara ntabwo aribyingenzi nkibishushanyo mbonera nubwoko bwibanze, bigomba kuvugwa muburyo burambuye.
Ubwoko bwa caps, igishushanyo nogukoresha amatara yimodoka
Uyu munsi, amatara afite ibishingwe bitandukanye arakoreshwa, ariko yose agabanijwemo amatsinda abiri manini:
• Uburayi - amatara yakozwe hakurikijwe Amabwiriza ya UNECE No 37, iki gipimo nacyo cyemejwe mu Burusiya (GOST R 41.37-99);
• Amerika - amatara yakozwe hakurikijwe amabwiriza ya NHTSA (Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe umutekano wo mu muhanda), amatara amwe afite bagenzi b’i Burayi.
Tutitaye ku itsinda, amatara arashobora kugira ishingiro ryubwoko bukurikira:
• Flanged - shingiro ifite flange ibuza, guhuza amashanyarazi bikorwa nabantu bahuye;
• Ipine - urufatiro rukozwe muburyo bwigikombe cyicyuma gifite pin ebyiri cyangwa eshatu zo gutunganya muri karitsiye;
• Hamwe na sisitemu ya pulasitike (base y'urukiramende) - amatara yaka hamwe na sock ya plastike hamwe na connexion ihuriweho.Umuhuza arashobora kuba kuruhande cyangwa hepfo (coaxial);
• Hamwe nikirahure - shingiro nigice cyamatara yikirahure, imiyoboro yamashanyarazi igurishwa mugice cyayo cyo hasi;
• Hamwe nikirahuri cyikirahure hamwe na plastike ya plastike - igikoma cya plastiki gifite cyangwa kidafite umuhuza giherereye kuruhande rwumutwe (muriki gihe, imibonano iva kumutwe inyura mumyobo muri chuck);
• Soffit (ishingiye kuri bibiri) - amatara ya silindrike afite ibishingwe biherereye kumpera, buri terminal ya spiral ifite ishingiro ryayo.
Muri icyo gihe, amatara afite ubwoko butandukanye bwibanze agabanijwemo amatsinda akurikije intego zabo:
• Itsinda rya 1 - nta mbogamizi - amatara maremare kandi maremare, amatara yibicu, nibindi. Iri tsinda ririmo amatara yose yubwoko (ibyiciro) H (ibisanzwe ni ubwoko bwa H4), HB, HI, HS, kimwe n'amatara adasanzwe. (S2 na S3 kuri moto na moteri, nibindi);
• Itsinda rya 2 - amatara yo kuburira, amatara yerekana ibimenyetso, gusubiza amatara, amatara yo guhagarara, kumurika ibyapa, nibindi. Iri tsinda ririmo amatara yanditseho C, HY, P, PR, PY, PR, PSR, PSY, R, T, W na abandi bamwe;
• Itsinda rya 3 - amatara yo gusimbuza ibicuruzwa bisa nibinyabiziga byahagaritswe.Iri tsinda ririmo amatara R2 (hamwe n’itara rizunguruka, rikoreshwa cyane ku modoka zishaje zo mu rugo), S1 na C21W;
• Amatara ya Xenon asohora - iri tsinda ririmo amatara ya xenon yanditseho D.
Ubwoko bwimodokaitara
ingoferoGukoreshwa muburyo bwingenzi bwamatara yimodoka
Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwamatara yo mumatsinda 1 akoreshwa mumatara:
• Hamwe na filament imwe (cyangwa arc imwe mugihe cyamatara ya xenon) - ikoreshwa gusa nk'itara rimenetse cyangwa rirerire.Mu kunyuza ibikoresho by'ibiti, filament yo hepfo itwikiriwe na ecran idasanzwe kuburyo urumuri rutemba rwerekeza gusa mugice cyo hejuru cyamatara yerekana;
• Hamwe na firimu ebyiri - zikoreshwa nk'itara rimenetse kandi rirerire.Muri aya matara, filaments zitandukanijwe nintera runaka kuburyo iyo ushyizwe mumatara, urumuri rurerure ruba rwibanze kumurumuri, kandi urumuri rwibiti rwometse ntirwibandwaho, kandi filament yamashanyarazi yafunzwe kuva munsi ya ecran.
Twabibutsa cyane ko ubwoko (icyiciro) bwitara nubwoko bwibanze butari ikintu kimwe.Amatsinda atandukanye yamatara aratandukanye mubishushanyo kandi birashobora kuba bifite urwego rusanzwe, ubwoko bwibanze bwibanze bwerekanwe mubishusho.
Guhitamo neza nibiranga imikorere yamatara yimodoka
Mugihe uhisemo amatara mumodoka, ugomba kuzirikana ubwoko bwamatara, ubwoko bwibanze hamwe nibiranga amashanyarazi - gutanga voltage nimbaraga.Nibyiza kugura amatara afite ibimenyetso bimwe nkibya kera - ubu buryo wijejwe kubona neza ibyo ukeneye.Niba, kubwimpamvu imwe cyangwa izindi, ntibishoboka cyangwa byifuzwa kugura itara rimwe (urugero, mugihe usimbuye amatara asanzwe yaka nayandi ya LED), noneho ubwoko bwibanze nibiranga amashanyarazi bigomba kwitabwaho.
Mugihe uhisemo amatara kumatara yumutwe, ugomba kuzirikana ibyifuzo byuwakoze imodoka yerekanwe kuri diffuzeri.Rero, kuri diffuzeri ya plastike (kandi haribenshi muribo uyumunsi), ugomba kugura amatara hamwe na filteri ya ultraviolet - amatara ya halogene hafi ya yose yakozwe nkayo.Na none, kuri diffuzeri, ikimenyetso cyamatara abereye kirashobora kwerekanwa cyangwa ubwoko bwabyo bushobora kwerekanwa (urugero, ibyanditse "Halogen").Nibyiza kugura amatara kubiri kugirango amatara yombi afite ibintu bisa.
Mugihe ugura amatara kuberekezo byerekanwe hamwe nababisubiramo, ugomba kuzirikana ibara ryibitandukanya.Niba diffuser ibonerana, birakenewe rero guhitamo amatara hamwe nigitereko cyibara ryitwa ibara ry'umuhondo (amber).Niba diffuzeri irangi, noneho itara rigomba kugira itara ryeruye.Ntibishoboka gusimbuza ubwoko bumwe bwamatara nubundi (kurugero, shyira itara rya amber aho kuba itara ryeruye cyangwa ubundi), kubera ko bafite ubwoko bwibanze kandi ntibishobora guhinduka.
Ugomba kwitonda mugihe ushyira amatara, cyane cyane amatara yumutwe.Urashobora gufata itara gusa shingiro cyangwa ugakoresha uturindantoki dusukuye.Ibisigisigi by'amavuta ava mu ntoki n'umwanda ku itara biganisha ku ngaruka mbi - uburyo bw'imirasire y'itara n'ibiranga birarenze, kandi kubera ubushyuhe butaringaniye, itara rishobora gucika bikananirana nyuma y'amasaha make yo gukora.
Hamwe no guhitamo neza no gusimbuza amatara, imodoka izaba yujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa kandi igatanga imikorere myiza mubihe bitandukanye.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-21-2023